: What is the use of byte data type?

Ans: A byte data type is useful to save space in large arrays. This is mainly used in the place of integers. But a byte is 4 times smaller than an integer in reality.

: Define the Static variable.

Ans: The static variables have another name: Class variables that are declared with the static keyword in a class but outside of a method, or a block.

: What is an Access Modifier in Java?

Ans: Access modifiers are useful to set access levels for classes, methods, variables, and constructors. Further, these modifiers mention the accessibility or scope of a method or a field.

: How do you define a Protected Access Modifier?

Ans: The protected modifiers’ access level is within and outside the package through the child class in Java. In case, if you don’t build the child class, you can access it from outside the package.

: Why is a String class in Java considered immutable?

Ans: The String class in Java is immutable or cannot be altered as once you create a String object it cannot be changed. Also, you can easily share this between many threads, and is viewed as important for multithreaded programming.

: What is the reason that a StringBuffer is called mutable?

Ans: The String class is viewed as immutable as once created, it cannot be altered. If there is a need to make a lot of changes to Strings of characters then StringBuffer is highly useful.

: Define Exception.

Ans: An exception is a problem or error that occurs at the time of execution of a program. These errors/exceptions are grabbed by handlers located along the thread’s method citation stack.

: Explain Inheritance in Java.

Ans: Inheritance is a type of process where one object obtains another object’s properties. By using inheritance, the data is made viable in a hierarchical order.

: What is meant by Abstraction?

Ans: The term refers to the capability to make a class abstract in object-oriented programming. It minimizes the complexity and helps to improve the system’s maintainability.

: Define Encapsulation.

Ans: It is the technique to integrate code and data into a single unit. Here, we can build a completely encapsulated Java class by ensuring all the data members of the class are private. Java Bean is an example of this type of Java class.

: What is a Local variable and the instance variable?

Ans: A local variable is a variable that can be defined inside a method and the scope of that variable is accessible only to its method but not outside the method. An instance variable is a variable which is defined inside a class and outside a method and the scope of that variable is accessible all throughout the class.

: Why pointers not used in Java?

: Explain the features in Java.

Ans: The features are.

1. The concepts of OOPs that include

• Object-oriented
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction

2. Platform Independent – A single program runs on different platforms without any modifications.

3. High Performance – JIT (Just in Time compiler) enables high performance which converts the bytecode into machine language and then JVM starts the execution.

4. Multi-threading – Thread is a flow of execution. JVM creates a thread that is called the main thread. A user can able to create multiple threads by extending the thread class or by implementing the Runnable interface.

: What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Ans: The concepts of OOPs are:

Inheritance: It is a process by which one class acquires the properties of another class.

Encapsulation: It is a mechanism of wrapping the code and data as a single unit.

Abstraction: It is a methodology for hiding the implementation details and proving only the functionality to the users. 

Polymorphism: It is the ability of a variable, function or object to take multiple forms.

: Explain the difference between Public and Private access specifiers.

Difference between Public and Private access specifiers is as follows:

Public access specifier:

When we declare any variable, class or method with ‘public’, then they can be accessed anywhere. There is no scope restriction for public access modifiers. They can be accessed within the same package and also in other packages.

public class Main {
  public String mailid = "anu.123@gmail.com";
  public int age = 26;
}
class Second {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Main myObj = new Main(); 
    System.out.println("mailid: " + myObj.mailid);
    System.out.println("Age: " + myObj.age);
  }
}
Output:
mailid: anu.123@gmail.com
Age: 26

Private access specifier:

When we declare a method or variable as ‘private’, we cannot access them outside that class. It can be accessed only within that declared class.

public class Main {
  private String name = "Anu";
  private String surname = "Wills";
  private int age = 26;
  
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Main myObj = new Main();
    System.out.println("Name: " + myObj.name + " " + myObj.surname);
    System.out.println("Age: " + myObj.age);
  }
}

Output:
Name: Anu Wills
Age: 26

. Explain the difference between Default and Protected access specifiers.

Difference between Default and Protected access specifiers is as follows:

Default access specifier: 

When an access specifier is not specified for a class, data member or method, then by default it will have a ‘default’ access modifier. They can be accessible within the same package. It cannot be accessed in other packages.

class Person {
  String mailid = "anu.123@gmail.com";
  int age = 26;
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Person myObj = new Person();
    System.out.println("mailid: " + myObj.mailid);
    System.out.println("Age: " + myObj.age);
  }
}
Output:
mailid: anu.123@gmail.com
Age: 26

Protected access specifier:  Whenever we specify a data member or a method with ‘protected’, then they can be accessed within the same class and same package. Classes or interfaces cannot be declared as protected in Java.

class Person {
 protected String name = "Anu";
  protected int age = 26;
}
class Student extends Person {
  private int graduatedin = 2016;
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Student myObj = new Student();
    System.out.println("Name: " + myObj.name);
    System.out.println("Age: " + myObj.age);
    System.out.println("Graduation Year: " + myObj.graduatedin);
  }
}
Output:
Name: Anu
Age: 26
Graduation Year: 2016

: What is the difference between the break and continue?

Ans: 

Break:

• It can be used in switch and loop statements such as for, while, do-while.
• The moment the break is executed it will terminate the switch or loop statements.
• It immediately terminates the innermost enclosing loop or switch statements.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
{
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

Continue: 

• It can be used only in loops statements.
• It will not terminate the loop but it causes the loop to jump to the next iteration.
• A continue within a loop nested with a switch will cause the next loop iteration to execute

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if(i == 5)
{
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

: What is the final keyword in Java?

Ans: The final keyword is used as a non-access modifier. A final variable is used in different contexts of a class, method and a variable.

• Final variable: Once if any variable is assigned with a final keyword than that value of that variable cannot be modified and remains unchanging. If in case the final variable is assigned without any value than by using only the class constructor a value can be assigned to it.
• Final method: When the method is declared as final then it cannot be overridden by the inheriting class.
• Final class: When a class is declared as a final then it cannot be extended by any sub-class but it can able to extend the other class.

: What is Constructor?

Ans: 

• A constructor is a method which has the same name as that of a class.
• When a new object is created in a class than the constructor is invoked by that corresponding class.
• If a user doesn’t create a constructor implicitly than a default constructor is created.
• A constructor can be overloaded.
• If a user creates a parameterized constructor than that user should create another constructor without any parameters explicitly.

: What is the difference between methods and constructors in Java?

Ans: 

Methods:

• Methods are used to represent the behaviour of an object.
• Should have the return type.
• Methods must be invoked explicitly.
• The compiler doesn’t provide any default method.
• Method name may be or may not be the same as a class name.

Constructors:

• Constructors are used in initializing the state of an object.
• The constructor method will not have any return type.
• The methods are invoked implicitly.
• The compiler provides a default constructor when a class doesn’t contain any.
• The method name of a constructor will be the same as a class name.

: What is the difference between Abstract class and Interface?

Ans: 

Abstract class:

• Abstract classes have a default constructor that is called when a concrete subclass is instantiated.
• Contains both Abstract and Non-abstract methods.
• A class that extends the abstract class doesn’t need the implementation of all methods, only abstract methods are implemented in the concrete sub-class.
• Abstract class contains instance variables.

Interface: 

• The interfaces have no constructors and couldn’t be instantiated.
• Only the abstract methods alone must be declared.
• The classes which implement the interface should provide the implementation for all methods.
• Interfaces contain only constants.

: Can you override a private or static method in java?

Ans: No. You cannot override private or static methods. If a similar method is created with the same return type and the same method arguments in child class then it hides the superclass method which is also called as method hiding. Similarly, the private method is not overridable in sub-class which is not accessible there. You can create another private method with the same name in the child class as in this example.

Example:

class Base_class {
private static void display() {
System.out.println("Static or class method from Base class");
}
public void print() {
System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base class");
}
class Derived_class extends Base_class {
private static void display() {
System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived class");
}
public void print() {
System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived class");
}
public class test {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Base obj= new Derived_class();
obj.display();
obj.print();
}
}

: What is the difference between Error and Exception?

Ans: An error is an unrecoverable condition that occurs at runtime such as “OutofMemory” error.  These JVM errors cannot be repaired at runtime. Even though such kind of errors is caught in the catch block, the application execution will be halted and becomes unrecoverable. 

The exceptions are the conditions which applied for tracking the bad input to human error while executing a program. For example “FileNotFoundException” is an exception which is thrown to handle if the specified file doesn’t exist. 

: What is the difference between Serialization and Deserialization in Java?

Ans:

Serialization:

• The Serialization is a process of converting the objects into a byte stream.
• An object is serialized by writing it an ObjectOutputStream.

Deserialization:

• The Deserialization is an exact opposite of what a Serialization will process where we can get the objects back from the byte stream.
• An object is deserialized by reading it from an ObjectInputStream.

: When to use Runnable interface and Thread class in Java?

Ans: When a class is needed for extending some other classes other than a thread then it is recommended to implement the runnable interface because java can extend only one class. If there is no need for extending any class than at the time it is recommended to extend the properties of a thread class.

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: Explain the difference between HashMap and HashTable.

Ans: 

HashMap:

• The methods in HashMap are not synchronized.
• HashMap will not have thread-safety.
• The iterator will be used for iterating the values.
• Allows one null key and multiple null values.
• Performs high compare to the HashTable.

HashTable:

• The key methods in HashTable are synchronized.
• HashTable will have thread-safety.
• The enumerator will be used for iterating the values.
• Doesn’t allow anything which is null.
• Performs low compare to the HashMap.

: What is the difference between HashSet and Treeset?

Ans: 

HashSet:

• The elements which are inserted into HashSet will be in random order.
• HashSet can store null objects.
• Performance is fast.

TreeSet:

• The elements in a TreeSet will be maintained in sorted order.
• TreeSet cannot store null objects.
• Performance is slow.

: What are Collections in java?

Ans: Collections are the framework which is designed to store and manipulate the objects. The collections perform the following operations.

• Searching
• Sorting
• Insertion
  Deletion
• Manipulation.

A group of objects are known as collections. All the collection classes and interfaces are available in the util package.

: What is the difference between Ordered and Sorted in collections?

Ans: Ordered collections are values which are stored in a collection that is based on the values that are added to the collection. These values can be iterated from the collection in a specific order.

The sorted collection mechanism is applied internally or externally such that the group of objects sorted in a particular collection is based on the properties of objects.

: What is the difference between Array list and Vector in Java?

Ans: 

ArrayList:

• An Array List is not synchronized.
• It performs fast as it’s non-synchronised.
• The size of an array increases by 50% when an element is inserted into an Array List.
• Array List will not define the size of increment.
• Array List uses Iterator only for traversing.

Vector:

• A Vector is synchronized.
• It performs slow as it’s thread-safe.
• By default, vector doubles the size of an array.
• Vector will define the size of increment.
• Vector uses both Enumerator and Iterator for traversing.

: What is the difference between Array and ArrayList?

Ans: 

Array:

• Arrays will not contain the values of different data types.
• Size of an Array is defined during declaration.
• To add data index is specified in Arrays.
• Arrays are not parameterized type.
• Arrays contain primitive data types as well as objects.

ArrayList:

• ArrayList contains the values of different data types.
• Size of ArrayList changes dynamically.
• There is no need for specifying indexes in ArrayList.
• ArrayLists are parameterized type. 
• Primitive data types are not allowed in ArrayList but contain only objects.

: What is the difference between Get and Post methods in Servlet?

Ans:

Get method:

• Limited amount of data can be sent because the data is sent in the header section.
• The data is exposed to a URL bar and so it is not secured.
• It can be bookmarked.
• It is Idempotent.
• It is used more efficiently than a Post method.

Post method:

• A large amount of data can be sent because the data is sent in the body section.
• The data is secured since it is not exposed to a URL bar. 
• It cannot be bookmarked.
• It is not Idempotent.
• It is used with less efficiency. 

: What are the different methods of session management in Servlets?

Ans: Session is a state of a conversation between client and server and consists of multiple requests and responses. As HTTP and Web Server are stateless, the session maintains the unique information as session-id that is passed between client and server in every request and response. The methods of session management in servlets are:

1. User Authentication
2. HTML Hidden Field
3. Cookies
4. URL Rewriting
5. Session Management API

: What is a JDBC Driver?

Ans: JDBC is a software component which enables the application to interact with the database. There are mainly four types of JDBC drivers.

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

: What are the JDBC statements?

Ans: These are the statements which are used to send SQL commands to the database and also retrieve the data from the database. The methods like execute(), executeUpdate() and executeQuery() are provided by JDBC to interact with the database.

JDBC supports three types of statements.

1. Statement: It is a general statement which is used to access the database and execute static SQL query at runtime.
2. PreparedStatement: It is used in providing the input parameters to the query during the execution.
3. CallableStatement: It is used for accessing the database stored procedures and helps in accepting runtime parameters.

: What are the lifecycle methods for a JSP?

Ans: There are three lifecycle methods in JSP.

• public void jspInit() – It is invoked only once which is same as that of init() method used in servlet.

• public void _jspService(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException – It is invoked at each request which is same as that of service() method used in servlet.

• public void jspDestroy() – It is invoked only once which is same as that of destroy() method used in servlet.

. How is JSP better than a Servlet Technology?

. What is Synchronization?

Ans: Synchronization is about handling only one thread for accessing a block of code at a time. While multiple threads access the block of code then there are chances for inaccurate results, in the end, to avoid this the synchronization is provided for the sensitive block of code. The keyword “synchronized” means that a thread requires a key to access the synchronized code.

It locks as per object. Each Java object has a lock which has only one key. A thread can access a synchronized method only if the thread can get a key to the objects to lock. Towards this, the “Synchronization” keyword will be used.

Example:

public class ExampleThread implements Runnable{
 public static void main (String[] args){
 Thread t = new Thread ();
 t.start ();
 }
 public void run(){
 synchronized(object){
 {
 }
}

. Name the different modules of Spring framework.

Ans: The modules of spring framework include.

• Spring Context – for dependency injection.
• Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
• Spring AOP – for aspect-oriented programming.
• Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
• Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
• Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
• Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web applications, web services etc.

. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListner.