Anyone dedicated to saving a buck could spend a little time researching, shopping and toiling to build their own PC. This has been true since the earliest days of personal computing. Usually, it would result in a considerable discount compared to an off-the-shelf, prebuilt PC.
That has changed. The AI-driven confluence of RAMageddon, the NAND-pocalypse and the heavy demand for powerful GPUs has made the current PC component market a nightmare to navigate. Things that were sometimes affordable, like RAM and storage, have skyrocketed in price. Graphics cards rarely drop below retail price, but now high-tier models can be several times more expensive than their launch price… and that’s if you can find them at all.
With the market gone haywire, PC building isn’t what it once was. Original equipment manufacturers and boutique PC builders have advantages that DIYers don’t when it comes to sourcing components, and that means plenty of prebuilt systems actually have the advantage in price. I scoured the market for competitively priced prebuilt systems and then worked out the cost of a similar DIY configuration using PCPartPicker. The truth is that it’s ultimately not cheaper to build your own PC anymore. I explain how I got my price estimates at the end.
Every end of the market is affected
I wish I could say it was only the extreme high-end of the DIY market that has become overpriced, but it isn’t. The DIY prices I’ve found have proved more expensive than the most competitive prebuilts across budget, midrange and high-end configurations.
Most of the budget models I found were more expensive than DIY, but there were still some that were cheaper. There was more variability in the midrange and high-end market, but invariably, there were several prebuilt options that existed to undercut a DIY version.
One of the more affordable prebuilts I spotted was this HP Omen 16L from Sam’s Club at just $1,199. To DIY a PC with the same CPU, GPU and comparable memory and storage, I was looking at $1,544. A Lenovo LOQ Tower 26ADR10 available at Micro Center costs just $999. The DIY budget to replicate that hit $1,071 before even including a CPU and motherboard, which can’t even be copied because Lenovo used a special motherboard with a laptop CPU.
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In the midrange, Sam’s Club offers an Asus ROG G700 with an Intel Core Ultra 7 265F, 32 gigabytes of DDR5 RAM, Nvidia RTX 5070 with 12GB VRAM and 2 terabytes of PCIe 4.0 storage for $1,749. I was looking at $2,033 to make a comparable DIY. For what it’s worth, I really tried to cheap out with my DIY attempts, opting for a $74 case, $89 power supply (don’t skimp on power supplies, people!) and a cheapo $54 cooler. Even if you got all three of those components for free, the DIY build would still cost $1,816.
I saw the biggest swings in the high-end simply because the margins add up that much more. One prebuilt was $649 more expensive than DIY, while another prebuilt was $632 cheaper than DIY. Ultimately, it doesn’t matter that some prebuilts are more expensive than DIY. There will always be overpriced options. Average price differences can paint a more balanced picture between DIY and prebuilts, but it only takes one overpriced bad apple to skew the data. Only a few prebuilts need to outprice DIY for it to be effectively undercut, and that’s just what I saw.
Where you shop makes a difference
The Lenovo Legion Tower 7i Gen 10 is more expensive to buy than build yourself.
Josh Goldman/CNET
It doesn’t matter what your budget is, but it does matter where you shop. Whether you get a good deal on a prebuilt PC depends heavily on where you try to buy one.
Major OEMs weren’t making their prebuilts look great while I was browsing. Dell, HP and Lenovo didn’t offer many models that were compelling for the money. Lenovo’s Legion Tower 7i Gen 10
was $456 more expensive than DIY. HP’s Omen 35L was $73 more expensive, though its budget Omen 16L was actually $198 cheaper than DIY. Dell’s Alienware Aurora was $602 more expensive. I couldn’t find anything worth considering from Acer, and Asus wanted $300 more than Sam’s Club for its ROG G700 (and a Sam’s Club membership is way less than $300).
The HP Omen 35L is a bit cheaper if you build it yourself.
Mark Knapp/CNET
Best Buy was a bastion of reliable retail pricing during the GPU crisis of 2021, but I didn’t find many exciting options there without looking at brands I’d never heard of, like Yeytian or Andromeda Insights. I found three that looked like a decent value, but all three were more expensive than DIY by an average of $129. Best Buy had an HP Omen 35L configuration for $2,899 that did undercut DIY by $79, thanks to a $200 discount at the time, but that almost doesn’t matter since I found even better prebuilt systems for even less.
The Maingear Classic MG-1: Sapphire costs more to buy than to build.
Maingear/CNET
Even outlets known for customer savings, like Costco, couldn’t be relied on universally. Costco averaged $222 more expensive on the six prebuilt systems I analyzed. Two were a better deal than DIY, but four of them averaged $408 more expensive. Costco has special incentives for its members through Costco Next, which offers discounts at the boutique builder CLX, and the brand’s CLX Set prebuilt proved $185 cheaper than DIY. Sam’s Club, in comparison, had an HP Omen 16L and Asus ROG G700 that were considerably cheaper than DIY, but it also had many options that didn’t appear competitive or even up to date.
The biggest nugget of gold I found was Micro Center. DIY enthusiasts likely know the name since the stores are stocked to the gills with DIY components. They also carry loads of prebuilt systems, both from major brands and through its in-house PowerSpec brand. Options I found from Micro Center were almost invariably cheaper than DIY, with an average savings of $336 and a max of $632 (for the PowerSpec G757). They also carried an Alienware Aurora ACT1250 for $2,399 that beat DIY by $532. Sadly, there’s a hitch. Most of the PCs from Micro Center are for in-store purchase only. It had just two shippable gaming desktops, and they were Not Cheap™. Even so, the HP Omen Max 45L configuration they offered for $5,499 is $297 better than DIY. Still, if you have a Micro Center nearby, it’s worth having a look at what they have in stock, given the potential to save a tidy sum.
Don’t discount smaller upgrades
All indicators show that DIY is not the best deal in town. I even configured a value-minded midrange build for myself with an Intel Core Ultra 7 265KF, RTX 5070 Ti 16GB, 32GB of DDR5-6000 and a 2TB NVMe 4.0 SSD. It was $2,377, almost as much as the high-end Alienware Aurora ACT1250 with a Core Ultra 9 285K and RTX 5080.
Get a sense of prices with the PC Part Picker.
CNET
Just because building an entire PC from the ground up isn’t the deal it once was doesn’t mean you have to rule it out entirely. The beauty of desktop PCs is the ability to make changes as needed. My first desktop gaming PC was an open-box iBuyPower prebuilt with an AMD FX 8320 and Nvidia GTX 960 that was too close to the price of DIY for me to pass up in 2015.
After that, I’ve never bought another prebuilt. I eventually upgraded the GPU, added an SSD and swapped cases. Further on, I made the jump to Ryzen with a new motherboard and RAM, then another new GPU, a couple of CPU swaps, some extra RAM, more storage and more. My computer today is unrecognizable, but it still has the SSD I bought in 2016 as my first DIY upgrade. Crucially, not one of those upgrades costs as much as buying a new prebuilt outright, but they all gave me a jump up in performance and capabilities to keep up with the times.
There’s no shame in starting with a prebuilt and moving over to DIY in the future, especially when it lets you get more value on both fronts.
Methodology
To configure my DIY options, I assumed the worst of prebuilt systems when they provided vague component specs. I’d look for exceptionally cheap options to compete in DIY. For instance, if a prebuilt system advertised a 1TB SSD, I wouldn’t assume that it was a strong PCIe 4.0 SSD or even a PCIe SSD at all. Instead, I’d look for a cheap SATA SSD for the DIY build. Even that, however, isn’t a safe assumption to make. The PowerSpec G757, for instance, lists a 2TB NVMe SSD online, but it actually includes a PCIe 5.0 Crucial P510. In cases where prebuilts did provide more specifics or even advertised exact components, I tried to match my DIY configurations exactly.
Don’t DIY the Alienware Aurora — you can buy it for less.
Alienware/CNET
Even when attempting to weasel my way below prebuilt prices, I generally couldn’t. For most DIY builds, I included the same 750-watt power supply and all-in-one cooler. It’s possible to find a cheaper power supply that might work in these builds, but not by much before breaking into dicey power territory. I chose that AIO cooler for its affordability, but also because it should be able to handle any of the various CPUs in these builds. So it may be possible to shave off a little money by going with a small tower cooler, but again, it will be marginal savings. I also included a $139 Windows 11 Home license for each DIY build.
The mainframe is an industry-related term for a large computer. The name comes from the way the machines build-up: all units like data processing and communication etc, these units will be combined into a frame. Thus the name is given as software framework. Mainframe computers are power computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data, and processing millions of records each day such as census industry and customer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing.
What are the benefits of the mainframe?
The following are the key benefits of using a framework:
1. Mainframe software is cost-effectively provided for an attractive computer architecture that will continue to thrive for the foreseeable future.
2. It offers a comprehensive solution to all the major problems.
3. It is thus likely that the most robust and flexible computing environments of the future will be a combination of both mainframe and client/server architecture.
4. Large organizations with existing reliable mainframe systems and employees who are trained on them will continue to use them for many years to come.
5. Mainframes based companies like HSBC, Accenture, RBI, SATYAM, CSC, and TATA group of companies.
Mainframe Architecture:
Mainframe architecture is a set of rules and components which are used to define the overall structure of the software technology.
The following diagram explains this,
Mainframes are arrived in the year 1960s and now popularly known as “big iron machines”. Before they were used as a small machine, each new generation framework has come up with advanced improvements. The following are the key features of the mainframe they are;
1. New generation framework consists of more and faster processors.
2. Come up with more effective physical memory and greater memory addressing capability.
3. Supports dynamic capabilities for upgrading both software and hardware systems.
4. Increased automation of hardware error checking and recovery facility.
5. Offers enhanced software devices for both input and output between I/O devices and main processors.
6. Provides advanced clustering technologies, they are like parallel Sysplex, and also share a large amount of data among multiple systems.
Different types of mainframe tools
1. CICS:
CICS stands for customer information control system. This tool was developed by IBM in 1968. CICS is a transaction processing system this is also known as online transaction processing (OLTP) software. CICS is also called a data communication system that supports thousands of hardware networking terminals.
Overview of CICS:
CICS is a DB/DC system type that is used in main online applications. The main purpose of developing CICS is to execute only batch programs. CICS programs can be written using programming languages like C, C++, COBOL, and JAVA. CICS allows users to communicate well with the back-end systems, for example, flight reservations.
Functions of CICS:
1. CICS manages several requests from concurrent end-users in any application.
2. Although suppose if the multiple users working on CICS system, but it always gives feel that only a single user is working on CICS.
3. CICS helps to access the various data files which are used for reading and updating in an application.
CICS features:
1. CICS is also a type of an operating system, and it manages its processor storage, own task manager. This also handles the multiple program execution and offers its own file management functions.
2. CICS also offers an online environment only in a batch operating system, faster jobs submissions, and executed quickly.
3. It is also possible to have more than two CICS regions at the same time. CICS acts as a batch job in the operating system.
4. CICS also supports generalized online transaction process interfaces.
CICS Environment:
Following are the various services offered by CICS:
1. System services:
CICS maintains the control functions to manage the memory allocation and deallocation of the various resources. In this CICS system service, there are 4 types of controls available such as task control, program control, interval control, and storage control.
2. Data communication services:
CICS data communication service offers an interface with the help of several telecommunication access methods like BTAM, TCAM, and VTAM. CICS releases several application programs from the terminal hardware issues with the help of Basic mapping support (BMS). CICS system also offers the multi-region operations (MRO) to communicate with multiple CICS regions. With the help of Intersystem communication (ISC) users can communicate with the CICS region on another system.
3. Data handling services:
Data handling services act as an interface between different data access methods like BDAM, and VSAM, etc. CICS offers servicing data handling requests from application programs. This type of data handling service helps application programmer to set a lot of commands to deal with data set, database access, and related operations. There are various types of data handling interfaces available such as IMS, DB, and DB2.
4. Application programming services:
The application programming services of CICS offer features like command-line interface, CEDF (is also known as debugging facility), and CECI (also known as Command interpreter facility).
5. Monitoring services:
Monitoring services in CICS monitor various events along with address space. This service provides serious statistical information that will be used for system tuning.
2. COBOL tool:
COBOL stands for Common business-oriented language. This language was previously developed by the US defense department for processing business data is popularly known as COBOL.
COBOL is used for writing programs for various applications. With the help of COBOL no need to write programs on system software. The applications included are the defense domain and insurance domain.
COBOL is a high-level programming language and anyone can understand how COBOL works. Here COBOL code was initially converted into machine code with the help of the compiler. Compiler helps to run the program and check for any syntax errors. Then converts them into machine language and the final output is known as the load module. The output will be available in binary form (0s and 1s).
Importance of COBOL:
1. COBOL was the first-ever widely used high-level programming language. This is kind of English like language and user friendly. All the instructions can be coded in simple English language terms.
2. COBOL is also known for its self-documentation process.
3. COBOL language is designed to handle huge data processing.
4. COBOL is compatible with the previous versions.
5. COBOL has an effective error message and resolution of any bugs or ticket is easier.
Features of COBOL:
Below are the important key features of COBOL:
1. Standard language:
As I said earlier, COBOL is a standard language that can be compiled and executed on computer machines namely IBM AS/400 and personal computers.
2. Business-oriented:
COBOL was mainly designed for business-oriented applications related to the defense domain and financial domains. This language can handle huge volumes of data due to its advanced file handling capabilities.
3. Robust language:
COBOL is a robust language because of its numerous debugging and testing tools which are available for almost all computer platforms.
4. structured language:
In COBOL, there are lots of logical control structures are available. These logical structures make it easier to read and modify different divisions and make it easy to debug.
COBOL program structure:
Below is the program structure of COBOL:
Let me explain each section briefly:
1. Sections: sections are the logical subdivision of program logic. A section is nothing but a collection of paragraphs.
2. Paragraphs: paragraphs are the subdivision section or division. It is either a user-defined or a predefined user name followed by a period, or sentences/ entries.
3. Sentences: sentences are nothing but a combination of one or more statements. The sentences appear only in the procedure type. Any sentence should end with a period.
4. Statements: statements are meaningful COBOL statements and perform processing.
5. Characters: characters are the lowest hierarchy level section and which cannot be divisible.
DB2:
DB2 is one of the popular database products developed by IBM. This is a relational database management system or RDBMS. DB2 is designed to store, retrieve, and analyze the data. DB2 products are providing extended support for object-oriented features and Non-relational XML structures.
History of DB2:
At an earlier stage, IBM had developed the DB2 product to work on specific platforms. In the year 1990, IBM decided to develop a universal database (UDB) DB2 server. So this universal database product can run on any operating systems like LINUX, UNIX, and Windows.
Versions:
The current version of the DB2 version we are using is 10.5 with advanced features like BLU accelerations and the code name is known as “Kepler”. Below are a few versions:
3.4 version -> code name “cobweb”
8.1, 8.2 version -> code name “stinger”
9.1 versions -> code name “viper”
9.5 versions -> code name “viper2”
9.7 version -> code name “cobra”
9.8 version -> this version added features with only pure scale.
10.1 versions -> code name “Galileo”
10.5 versions -> code name “Kepler”
Data server editions and features:
Below are the data server editions and features:
1. Edition name = Advanced enterprise server edition and enterprise server edition (AESE /ESE)
Features:
It is designed for mid-size to large scale business organizations platforms like Linux, UNIX, and Windows. Table partitioning high availability disaster recovery (HARD), materialized query table (MQTs), multidimensional clustering (MDC), connection concentrator pure XML backup compression homogeneous federations.
2. Edition name = Workgroup server edition (WSE)
Features:
This is designed for workgroup or mid-size business organizations. Using WSE or Workgroup server edition users can work with- high availability disaster recovery (HARD), online reorganization pure XML, web service federation, support DB2 homogeneous federations homogeneous SQL replication backup compression facility.
3. Edition name = Express –c
Features:
It offers all the capabilities of DB2 at zero change. This can run on any physical or virtual systems with any size configuration.
4. Edition name = Express Edition
Features:
This version is designed for entry-level and mid-size business organizations. It is full-featured DB2 data server. It offers only limited services. This edition comes with web service federations, DB2 homogeneous federations, homogeneous SQL replications, and backup compression.
5. Edition name = Enterprise developer
Features:
This edition offers only a single application developer. It is useful to design, build, and prototype the applications for deployment on any of the IBM servers. The software cannot be used for developing applications.
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DB Architecture:
The below diagram explains the overall structure of DB:
A database is nothing but a collection of buffer pools, logs, storage, tables, schema, and tablespaces. These components are working together to handle the database efficiently.
Database directory:
A database directory is a type of organized repository of various databases. Once you create a database, all the required details about database will be stored in a database directory. The details included are default storage devices, temporary tables list, and configuration files, etc.
In this database directory, the partial global directory is created in the instance folder. This database directory contains information that is related to the database. The partial global directory is named as a NODExxxx/SQLyyyy. Where XXXX is the data partition and yyy is the SQL database token.
How to create a Partitioned global directory?
1. Go to the directory location: /NODExxx/SQLxxx
The partition global directory consists of database related files they are listed below:
a. Global deadlock write-to-file event monitoring file type.
b. Table space information related files [SQLSPCS.1, SQLSPCS.2]
c. Storage control files [SQLSGF.1, SQLSGF.2]
d. Temporary table storage container files. This file will be stored in [/storage path/T000011/C00000.TMP/SQL00002.MEMBER0001.TDA]
e. Global configuration file [SQLDBCONF]
f. History files [DB2RHIST.ASC, DB2RHIST.BAK, and DB2TSCHG.HIS]
g. Automatic storage containers.
The syntax used to create a database:
Db2 create database
Where database_name indicates the new database name, you are going to create it.
Create a restrictive database:
Db2 create database restrictive
Where db_name indicates the database name.
IMS DB tool:
IMS stands for the Information management system. IMS was first developed by IBM with Rockwell and Caterpillar in the year 1966 for the Apollo moon mission. This type of IMS offers easy to use, reliable, and standard environment facility for executing high-performance data transactions. IMS DB tool is used by high-level programming languages such as COBOL to store the data for hierarchical arrangement and access them.
Overview of IMS DB tool:
A database is a collection of related data items. These data items are stored and organized in order to provide fast and easy access. IMS database is a kind of hierarchical database where different types of data are stored at different levels and each hierarchical entity is dependent on the higher-level entity.
The following figure explains this:
Database management:
A database management system is a collection of application programs mainly used for data storage, accessing, and managing your data sets in the database. One of the main advantages of the IMS system is to maintain the data integrity, allow you to faster data recovery, and make it easy to retrieve data. IMS tool maintains a large amount of data with the help of its database management system.
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Transaction manager:
The main function of the transaction manager is to offer a better communication platform between the database system and the application programs. Sometimes IMS acts as a transaction manager. A transaction manager deals with various end-users to store data and retrieve of data from the multiple database management systems.
DL/I –Data language interface:
DL/I comprises several application programs and grants access to the data stored in the database. IMS database uses the DL/I this serves as an interface language and accesses the database in an application program.
Importance of IMS:
1. IMS database system supports applications from different programming languages such as JAVA and XML.
2. IMS database system offers better application management and data can be accessed over any platform.
3. IMS database system offers faster data processing when it is compared to other DB2 systems.
Limitations of IMS:
1. IMS database implementation is very complex when compared to other database systems.
2. IMS helps to predefine the tree structures that reduce flexibility.
3. IMS database system sometimes it’s difficult to manage.
Hierarchical structure:
An IMS database system is a collection of data physical files. In the hierarchical database system, the topmost level data information entity. Each level in the hierarchy consists of segments, standard files, and difficult to implement hierarchies but sometimes DL/I support hierarchies. The following diagram explains the hierarchical structure type:
Segments:
A segment is created by grouping similar data types. This is the smallest unit of information that DL/I transfers to and from an application program during the time of input and output operations. A segment can have one or more data fields that are grouped together.
Field:
A filed is a single piece of information in a segment. For example, roll number, course, name, and mobile number in the student segment. A segment consists of related data fields to collect the appropriate entity information. A field can be used as a key for ordering any segment types.
Segment type:
A segment type is a category of the data segment. A DL/I database consists of 255 different segment types and 15 levels of the hierarchy. The following is an example of a Segment type:
Segment occurrence:
A segment occurrence is an individual segment type and this consists of only user data. For example, when you take book information as a segment type and you can see any number of occurrences of it. This type of segment contains any number of book information.
JCL tool:
JCL stands for job control language is the command language of multiple virtual storages (MVS), which is commonly used in various operating systems in the IBM mainframes. JCL helps to identify the program to be executed, required input, and location of the input or output identification with the help of job control statements. JCL is mainly used for submitting any program type for the batch mode execution.
Overview of JCL:
JCL is used in a mainframe environment and acts as a communication between a program and an operating system. For example COBOL language, PL/I, and Assembler. In the mainframe environment programs will be executed in the form of batch and online modes. Here Virtual storage access method can be used as a batch system program. Online program mode can be of type back office screen and accounting details.
Job processing:
A job is nothing but a unit of work that is made up of many job processing steps. Each job processing step is specified in a job control language (JCL) using a set of job control statements.
In the mainframe, the operating system makes use of Job entry systems or JES to accept the jobs, transfer that into the operating system, to schedule various jobs type for processing, and to control the output.
The below diagram will illustrate the job processing step:
Job submission step: this step is used for submitting the job control language or JCL to JES (Job entry system).
Job conversion: The JCL along with the PROC process will be converted into an interpreted text which is to be understood by JES and helps to store the data sets, which is known as SPOOL.
Job queuing: JES decides the priority based on CLASS and PRTY parameters in the JOB control statements. The errors will be checked in this step with the help of job queuing.
Job execution: Once the job reaches the highest priority, it is taken up for execution from the job queue.
Purging: once the job is completed, the allocated resources and the JES SPOOL spaces are released. In order to store any job log file, you need to copy this job log file to another dataset.
VSAM tool:
A VSAM stands for virtual storage Access method and this is also known as file storage access method used in many technologies like MVS, ZOS, and OS/390 operating system. This also acts as a high-performance access method used to organize the various data in the form of files in mainframe devices. VSAM tool is used by COBOL and CICS to store and retrieve the various data sets. VSAM makes it easier for any application program to execute any output or input operation.
Overview of VSAM:
Virtual storage access method (VSAM) is a high-performance access method and organizes the data sets. This mainframe tool utilizes the various virtual concepts and also protects the data sets at different levels by using passwords. In COBOL, this VSAM can be used as a physical sequential file. VSAM is the logical dataset for storing data records.
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Characteristics of VSAM:
Below are the various characteristics of VSAM:
1. VSAM helps to protect the data against any unauthorized access by using passwords.
2. VSAM offers faster data access methods.
3. VSAM provides various options for optimizing the performance.
4. VSAM allows data set sharing in both online and batch mode environment.
5. VSAM’s data sets are more structured and organized in data storage.
6. Free up space is reused automatically in various VSAM data files.
Limitations of VSAM:
1. VSAM data sets cannot be stored on TAPE volume. This is only stored on DASD space.
2. VSAM requires a number of cylinders to store the various data sets and not cost-effective.
VSAM components:
There are three main components of VSAM:
1. VSAM cluster:
VSAM clusters are nothing but logical data sets for storing the various data records. A cluster comprises of index association, sequence data set, and data portions. The space occupied by the VSAM cluster will be divided into contiguous areas known as control intervals.
There are two sub-components used in a VSAM cluster:
a. Index components
b. Data component.
2. Control intervals:
The control intervals (CI) in VSAM are equivalent to blocks and used for non-VSAM data sets. In non-VSAM methods, the data set unit is defined by various blocks. VSAM works well only with logical data sets are known as control intervals. Control intervals are the smallest unit used to transfer data between a disk and the operating systems.
The control interval consists of sub-components:
a. Logical records
b. Control information fields
c. Free space
3. Control Area:
A control area in VSAM is the formation of two or more control intervals. Any VSAM dataset is composed of one or more control areas. The actual size of VSAM is a multiple of the control area. All VSAM files are extended in units of Control areas.
Conclusion :
In this Mainframe tutorial, you will be learning major mainframe technologies like CICS, COBOL, DB2, IMS DB, JCL, and VSAM. These technologies offer different features and functionalities. We have tried to explain all in one article, and kind of ready book. I hope this tutorial may help a few of you who want to begin your mainframe profession as well as working professionals.
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