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Data Modelling in QlikView | Data Modelling Techniques


Data Modelling in QlikView – Table of content

Introduction to QlikView:

QlikView is one of the top business intelligence tools which provide end-to-end platform services. The main operations of the QlikView tool included are data integration, user-driven business intelligence, and data analysis. The QlikView business tool helps users to convert the raw data into a useful one. This tool sometimes acts as a “Human brain” and mainly works on business associations. This software tool was first found in 1993 in Lund, Sweden, and is now based in King Of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States.

As is said earlier, QlikView is one of the most demanding business intelligence tools. This tool is used to maintain the relationships between the data and visual colors. Users can also perform direct as well as indirect searches by using various searches in the given list boxes. One more important thing about QlikView is that this helps in the calculation of aggregated data and data compressions. Neither users nor software developers of the QlikView application manage the relationship between the various data sources, but this is managed automatically (you can say by default it happens).

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Major features of QlikView:

QlikView’s business intelligence tool comes up with advanced features. Following are the list of QlikView features:

1. Automatically maintains the data association:

QlikView tool automatically identifies the relationship between the data present in a data set. With the help of this feature, users need not recognize the relationship between the various data entities.

2. Data will be held in the memory available for multiple users and offers a super-fast user experience:

Here the data structure and calculations of a data report will be held in the RAM memory of the server.

3. Aggregations can also be calculated on the fly:

As data will be held in memory, the user performs a calculation task on the fly. Here there is no need to store pre-calculated aggregate data values.

4. Data will be compressed to 10% of the original size:

QlikView platform developed on the base of data dictionaries. Only essential data sets will be used for analytical purposes and this compresses the original data to a small size.

5. Visual relationship by using colors:

With the help of this feature, the relationship between the data will not be shown by lines and arrows. All you need to do is select a piece of data by click on specific colors to specify the related data and another color to specify unrelated data.

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What is data modeling in QlikView?

A data modelling in QlikView is nothing but a pictorial representation of data tables that present in the various database servers, which also include associated relationships to show the data flow process of the entire system or model. This data modeling also helps to define the key fields and data dependency factors that help to perform the normalization and simplification process. The data modelling also a combination of dimensional tables that are linked to represent the fact table and also ends up with a star schema that helps to trade off on the available resources.

QlikView also performs in a good way when the data model is well structured and designed. A good data model also ensures that the quick data process provides accurate results, and evaluates the expressions. Data modeling in QlikView also consists of dimensions and key values within the data fields.

Best techniques used to perform Data modelling in QlikView:

The following are the important key techniques used to perform the data modelling process:

1. Using QVD files to increment data loads:

While performing the data modelling technique, the incremental load is a very common task in the relation to the database servers. It is defined as data loading (which helps to define new or modified records from the various database servers). All the data records will be stored in the QVD file formats.

The following are the important steps that will be considered to perform QVD files increments:

1. First you need to load the data from the database tables (this is considered to be a slow process, but helps to load the limited number of data records).

2. Next you need to load the old data from the QVD files (helps to load the data records in a faster way).

3. Now you need to create the QVD file formats.

4. You need to create the procedure for every table you loaded.

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2. Combining the data tables with Join and keep tables:

We already know that join takes any two different tables and combines them into one table. This process is also known as the “natural join table”. In QlikView, this type of join process can be done by using scripts and also logical data tables’ formats.

Let me explain these two methods in brief:

1. Join:

The easiest way to perform the joins process with the help of the join prefix in the script. The join is an internal table with another name table or previously created tables. The join usually used here is an outer join and used to combine values from the two tables.

For example:

LOAD a, b, c from table1.csv;

JOIN LOAD a, d from table2.csv;

2. Keep:

This is one of the main features of QlikView and helps to associate between any two tables instead of joining them. These keep features also help to reduce the memory space, increase the speed and enormous flexibility. The keep functionality helps to reduce the number of cases where the user needs to make use of explicit joins. In general, the Keep prefixes between two statements are LOAD and SELECT.

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3. Using mapping as an alternative to the joining process:

The Join prefix is a powerful method used to combine several data tables in QlikView. You can also find one disadvantage of using this Join prefix is that while combining larger and big data tables will reduce the performance. To overcome this hurdle, now we have come up with Mapping, this mapping method consists of two columns they are; a comparison field (as an input) and a mapping value field (as an output).

4. working with cross tables:

A cross table is a common type of data table that performs a matrix of values between any two orthogonal header data lists. The crosstable is often preceded by a number of various qualifying columns; you can read them in a straightforward way.

5. Using Generic databases:

A generic database is a kind of table in which all the field names will be stored as field values in one table column, where the field values will be stored in a second. Generic databases are usually used to define the attributes of different objects.

6. Matching intervals to discrete data:

The interval values can be defined using two prefix statements they are; LOAD and SELECT. These statements are used to link the discrete values with the two or more numeric intervals. This is one of the powerful data modelling techniques used in QlikView nowadays.

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7. Creating a data interval from a single date:

Sometimes, when you are working with data modelling, usually the time intervals are not stored with a beginning and end of the time limit. Suppose if you don’t create any data interval, then the date value will be implied by only one field or the change timestamp.

8. Hierarchies:

In data modelling, n-level of hierarchies are used to represent other data fields (geographical and organizational dimensions in the data). These types of hierarchies are usually stored in any adjacent table nodes, for example, each record stored as a node, and the field represents the reference to the parent node.

9. Semantic rules:

Usually, semantic tables are not displayed in the table field viewer.

Below are a few semantic rules:

1. The semantic table should contain three or four columns.

2. The prefix statements like LOAD and SELECT load the semantic table and this table should be preceded by a semantic qualifier.

3. A semantic table either contains a relation between field values of the different fields or field values of the same field. One more important point to be remembered here, a mixture between these two will not be accepted.

10. Data cleansing:

When you load the data from the various tables, the field values will not be named consistently. Data cleansing is required, when there is a lack of consistency, and hinders association.

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Conclusion: 

The data modelling in the QlikView blog helps users to create a structured and well-designed data model in QlikView. We have also discussed the top 10 best practices used in data modelling. With the help of data modelling users can understand the data landscape and also enables the organization to analyze and data extraction. Data modelling is considered to be a very important method in many business intelligence tools to perform data analysis and visualization tasks.

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[Python Flask] Python Flask Tutorial for Beginners


Python flask

Flask is a lightweight web application framework provided by python. A web application framework represents a collection of libraries that help in building web applications quickly. The web applications can be of web pages, or it can range to complex commercial applications. It does not have a database abstraction layer. It is developed by Armin Ronacher of the ‘Pocoo’ and released initially on April 1st, 2010. It initially began as a wrapper around Werkzeug and Jinja projects.

Werkzeug – It is a WSGI (web server gateway interface) utility from python.It is an interface between the web server and the web applications. It provides useful functions and classes for the WSGI application.
Jinja – It is a templating language for python. It comes with an optional sandboxed template execution environment.It is similar to the Django template. We can create HTML, XML, or other markup formats.

The latest stable version (1.1.2) release of python flask is on April 3rd, 2020.It is voted as the most popular web framework in the Python Developers Survey 2018.It has a lot of stars on GitHub than Django and other python web application frameworks. Flask doesn’t enforce any dependencies.

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Advantages of Python flask

Flask offers a variety of benefits, that’s why the developers like to work with Python flask. Let’s look at some of the benefits of the flask.

  • Flask is easy to use and read. So the developers can easily understand the code written by other programmers.
  • It is a microframework and has a modular design, so it is easy to transit.
  • It allows quick prototyping.
  • We can scale up to creating complex web applications.
  • It handles HTTP requests.
  • It provides better performance.
  • It has a built-in development server.
  • It provides support for secure cookies.
  • We will have more control over the application development.
  • It supports integrated unit testing.
  • It uses Jinja templating.
  • We can plugin our favorite ORM.
  • It supports a lot of extensions that we can add to any application features that we like.
  • It is WSGI 1.0 compliant, so it is easier to deploy flask in production.
  • We will have more flexibility in configuration.

What are APIs?

An API is short for Application Programming Interface. Computer programs have to communicate with other programs or with the underlying operating system. This is when we require APIs to establish communication. An API is a computer program that allows manipulating information by another program over the internet. We can share data with other users through APIs. Here are some keywords to remember while creating APIs.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – It is the primary means of data communication over the web. It has methods that specify the movement of data direction. 

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – It represents the address of a resource on the web. It consists of a protocol, domain, and an optional path. 

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) – An API return data in the form of JSON. It is a data format that is easily readable by users and machines.

REST (REpresentational State Transfer) – It represents the best practices for implementing APIs.The APIs that follow REST principles are called REST APIs.

HTTP methods

HTTP request methods indicate the action to be performed on a resource. We have to specify which HTTP method should handle the request in the flask route function. Let’s look at the different HTTP methods.

GET – It sends data in the form of unencrypted to the server. It is the most commonly used method. The flask route responds to GET requests by default. It only retrieves data from the user.
HEAD – It functions the same as the GET method but without a request body.
POST – We can use POST to send form data to the server. The server cannot cache the received data.
PUT – It replaces all the current representations of the target resource with the request payload.
DELETE – It deletes all the current representations of the target resource.

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Creating your first flask application

First, make sure that python is functional in your system. Open command prompt and type in python.You should be able to see the python version and other information. You will also be in an interactive prompt where you can execute python code. Let us create a simple flask application.

In python, all the application code will be present in a subdirectory and should include an ‘ __init__.py’ file. The __init__.py file is a package that can be imported and executed. Create a project folder with ‘SampleApp’ as the name. Create a new file in your favorite text editor and paste the following code in it.

#Import flask module into the project 
from flask import Flask 
#Create a flask object
app = Flask(__name__) 
#URL mapping of the associated function
@app.route("https://hkrtrainings.com/")
#Specify the server response to return
def first_application(): 
return 'Welcome to the HKR Trainings'
#The main driver function 
if __name__ == '__main__': 
#Run the application 
app.run()

You can find comments in the code that explains every line. Save the file with name as script.py. Open the command prompt and navigate to your project folder using the below command.

cd

Give the below command to run your application.

python script.py

You can see the logs of the application on the command line. It will show the URL on which the application is running too. The URL will usually be http://localhost:5000. Open a browser and run http://localhost:5000. You should be able to see a message that says ‘Welcome to the HKR Trainings’.

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Creating an API

Now that you know how to create and run a python application. Let us create an API that can return some information. Let us add our training tutorials as a list of python dictionaries. Dictionaries in python will be of key-value pairs. Each dictionary should have a unique id through which it can be identified.

Create a new project with ‘TrainingLinks’ as a name. Open a new file in a text editor and paste the following code in it.

import flask from Flask 
import request, jsonify
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config["DEBUG"] = True
tutorials = [
{'id': 0,
'Name': 'ELK Stack Tutorial',
'Link': 'https://hkrtrainings.com/elk-stack-tutorial'},
{'id': 1,
'Name': 'Tosca Tutorial',
'Link': 'https://hkrtrainings.com/tosca-tutorial'}
]
@app.route("https://hkrtrainings.com/", methods=['GET'])
def home(): 
return 'Welcome to the HKR Trainings'
@app.route('/api/v1/hkr/tutorials', methods=['GET'])
def api_all():
return jsonify(tutorials)
app.run()

Run the application from your command prompt. Now when you open a browser and run http://localhost:5000. You should be able to see a message that says ‘Welcome to the HKR Trainings’. When you navigate to http://localhost:5000/api/v1/hkr/tutorials, you can see the list of tutorials that we have included in the code.

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Conclusion

Flask enhances the development of complex web applications. App routing is the most important part of python flask,as it maps the application to specific functions.We can create APIs for data present in files, databases, etc. Flask provides extensions for Mail,WTF, SQLite, SQLAlchemy,and many more.With flask,we can create web applications very easily without putting much effort.Companies like Netflix, Reddit, MailGui are using flask for building their web applications.

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