A study from researchers at New York University and Northeastern University is claiming that at least half of the safety features meant to protect children on social media platforms don’t deliver on their promises. The study, published by Heat Initiative and Cybersafety Research Center, tested 86 features across Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and YouTube. According to the analysis, each of the social media platforms had a failure rate of at least 50 percent when it came to its advertised protective features, like those that prevent adults from messaging children or stop underage accounts from accessing harmful content.

In the study, researchers created dummy accounts to mimic children of various ages, in addition to some adult accounts. The study examined three different scenarios: one where a child was using the social media platform naturally; another where a teen was trying to circumvent a safety feature; and a final case where a “malicious adult actor” would try to bypass the protection features of a separate teen account. Of the many safety features tested which were intended to be turned on by children themselves, the study considered it a failure if: the feature was either so difficult to find within various privacy setting menus as to make real-world use unlikely; or if it did not actually do what it described; or if the feature was completely missing from the platform.

The study’s testing showed that adult accounts were able to “search for, find and then message the child account with zero restrictions” on Snapchat. Similarly, the report noted that one of its teen Instagram accounts was able to “message an adult account they did not follow without any warnings.” The study also found that TikTok would suggest anorexia-related searches to teen accounts.

Spokespeople for Snap, Meta and YouTube contested the study’s findings in statements to the New York Times, which reported that it was able to replicate the study’s findings. A Meta spokesperson told the Times that “teens are seeing less sensitive content, experiencing less unwanted contact, and spending less time on Instagram at night,” thanks to Instagram’s Teen Accounts.

Beyond this latest study, social media companies are facing lawsuits from school districts and individuals who claimed their platforms caused harm. On top of that, many countries are pursuing social media bans for children, with Australia also strengthening its ban recently by doubling its maximum penalty for companies found in non-compliance.