A partial function is one of the tools in the Functools module. ‘Functools’ is a module provided by python for higher-order functions, i.e., act on or return other functions. ‘Functools’ contains tools for functional-style programming.
Partial functions help in calling another function with the positional arguments (args) and keyword arguments (keywords). We can fix some values in certain arguments.We can create new functions without having to replicate the body of the original function.
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Creating a partial function
Let us create a partial function that calculates the cube roots of the given numbers.
from functools import partial
#Create a function
def exponent(a,b):
return a ** b
#Create a partial function that calculates cube roots
result = partial(exponent,3)
print(result(4))
The first function is for defining exponent arguments. The second function ‘result’ is created for fixing the value ‘3’ in the arguments to send to the main function – exponent. The output for the above program will be 81. If you want to generate square roots of given numbers, you can just replace the value ‘3’ with ‘2’ in the result partial function.
Here is one more program which performs multiplication of different numbers.
from functools import partial
def expression(a,b,c,d):
return a*2 + b*3 + c*4 + d
result = partial(expression,5,6,7)
print(result(10))
The output for this program will be 66.
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Benefits of partial functions
Here are some benefits of using partial functions in your code.
We can construct variants of existing functions.
Partial functions are used to derive values from normal functions.
A partial function is similar to bind functionality in c++.
We can call the partial functions in multiple places of our code.It helps in code reusability.
Partial functions help in removing redundancy.It also improves your coding capability.It is especially used in applying a range of different inputs to a single object (or) set somethings as constant in arguments of a function.So what are you waiting for? Try out creating different kinds of partial functions and have fun.Do check out our other python tutorials and blogs on python to increase your skill level.
In web development, frontend refers to the user interface and the user experience of the web application. It focuses on the development of the visual aspects of the web application through which the users can interact like the functionality, design and the layout. The person involved in the frontend development of the website is called the front end developer.
What is Backend?
In web development, backend refers to the server side development of the web application. It focuses on building the application logics, databases and servers. It helps the developer to communicate with the database, save, retrieve and delete data. The person involved in the backend development of the website is called the backend developer.
Frontend and backend are very essential in web development. Users can see the frontend part of the website and can interact with it like design, texts, images, videos and navigation menu while the backend cannot be seen and cannot be interacted with. The primary difference between the frontend and backend is that the frontend indicates how a web page looks whereas the backend indicates how the website works. That is, the front end is the client side and the backend is the server side. Both of them would interact with each other and operate effectively as a single unit to enhance the functionality of the website.
Front End Vs Back End:
Skills required for Frontend web development:
Technical Skills: Front end developers need to possess skills in HTML, CSS and Javascript.
Javascript: for adding the interactivity to the web pages
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Frameworks and Libraries: Front end developers must possess skills in anyone of the below frameworks and libraries.
Testing frameworks and methodologies: Frontend developers should have good knowledge on the testing frameworks and methodologies like Enzyme, Jest or Cypress to make sure that web pages are working correctly. Version control system: They must have knowledge on version control systems such as Git to manage the code and coordinate with the other developers.
Frontend developers should also have a good understanding of responsive design principles that ensures the website is displayed correctly on distinct devices, Design skills for creating appealing and user friendly web pages, Idea on Cross browser compatibility to make sure that their web pages display and function correctly on various browsers, etc.
Skills required for Backend web development
Programming languages: Backend developer must have proficiency in any one of the server side programming languages like
Python
Node.js
PHP
Ruby on Rails
Databases: Backend developers should be proficient with the databases like
And must have a good knowledge on data structures and algorithms.
Backend frameworks: Backend developer must have proficiency in any one of these frameworks like
Express.js
Django
Laravel
Flask
Testing frameworks and methodologies: Backend developers should have good knowledge on the testing frameworks and methodologies like
Pytest
Jest
Mocha
Backend developers must also have skills on API design and implementation to expose backend functionality to front-end applications, server administration and deployment skills to configure web servers, setup databases, and deploy databases, and also must be able to take steps to secure the backend application.
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Testing methodologies for frontend & backend
To make sure that the developed application is reliable, functional and secure, we need to use some testing methodologies in frontend as well as backend development. Although the skills required for frontend and backend development are different, the testing principles are the same.
Unit testing: In frontend development, for every individual component like menus, buttons, input fields unit testing is performed. Frameworks like Mocha/Jest are used in frontend development to automate and execute unit testing on codebase. Even in backend development, unit testing is used to test every function and the code component. Frameworks like JUnit, Mockito or PyTest are used in backend development to automate and execute unit testing on codebase.
Integration testing: In frontend development, Integration testing is used to verify the interaction between the components. Frameworks like Cypress or Selenium are used to test integration of components in frontend integration testing. Integration testing in backend development is used to test if the backend components like server and database work correctly together. Frameworks like Spring test/testNG are used in the backend integration testing.
In frontend development, we even perform performance testing to check whether the website is loading quickly and performing well. Tools like Google Lighthouse/Webpage Test are used for testing the website performance. Whereas in Backend development, security testing plays an important role in protecting the application from vulnerabilities. Tools like OWASP ZAP/Burp Suite are used to test the security vulnerabilities.
Collaboration Between Frontend and Backend Development Teams
To ensure that the website is developed efficiently, collaboration between the frontend and backend development team is very important. Although the responsibilities and expertise of both frontend and backend developers are different, they need to work together to create a seamless and secure experience for the users.
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Security concerns in front end and back end development
To ensure the security of the website or application, both frontend and backend developers are responsible. User inputs must be validated and sanitised by Frontend developers to prevent cross site scripting and various other attacks. They also need to implement secure authorization and authentication techniques to protect the user data. While the backend developers must ensure that server-side code is secure and is not vulnerable to the attacks like cross-site request forgery, SQL injection, etc. To protect the sensitive data, backend developers also need to implement secure data storage and transition.
Career prospects for frontend and backend development
As businesses are continuing to invest in the development of mobile and web applications, there is a huge demand for both frontend and backend developers. In India, a frontend developer’s salary ranges in between 3 Lakhs to 11.4 Lakhs per annum while the backend developer’s salary ranges in between 3.5 Lakhs to 17 Lakhs per annum.
Either you are willing to become a frontend developer or backend developer, you need to possess attention to detail, problem solving skills, and the ability to work in a team environment. As the developers seek the ways to create an efficient and seamless experience for the users, the future of web development is likely to get integration between frontend and backend technologies. Now Fullstack development frameworks like MERN/MEAN are used by developers for both frontend and backend development. Developers are also using serverless architectures to focus on writing code instead of managing infrastructures. Serverless architecture is used by both frontend and backend development to build microservices.
Conclusion: In this blog we have compared both frontend and backend development. Now we know the differences between frontend and backend, skills required for frontend and backend, their salaries and career prospects. We hope you found this information useful. For more blogs on various frontend and backend technologies, stay tuned!.
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